Inhibitory effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and pterostilbene on pancreatic cancer growth in vitro

Abstract

BackgroundIt has been previously shown that the naturally occurring antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), found in green tea, and pterostilbene, a stilbenoid derived from blueberries, inhibit pancreatic cancer in vitro when used individually. We hypothesized that the combination of EGCG and pterostilbene would reveal additive effects in vitro. MethodsUsing the pancreatic cancer cell lines MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, efficacy and synergism were evaluated for cell proliferation and viability (3-(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenltetrazolium bromide assays, cell cycle analysis) and mitochondrial apoptosis (mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome C release, caspase-3/7 activity, cell death detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). ResultsCell proliferation assays revealed significant additive antiproliferative effects with pterostilbene and EGCG in both cell lines at the later, 72-h, point (P < 0.05). MIA underwent S-phase arrest with the combination (10–12% increase); however, cell cycle arrest was not observed in PANC. The combination induced mitochondrial depolarization and upregulated cytochrome C (P < 0.05) in MIA, but these effects were not observed in PANC. EGCG increased caspase-3/7 in MIA; however, the combination did not significantly increase the activity in either cell line (P < 0.05). Apoptosis was only observed in PANC (P < 0.05). The reduction in proliferation in MIA in the 3-(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenltetrazolium bromide assays with the combination indicated that cell death occurs, possibly through another mechanism. ConclusionsOur results are encouraging regarding the future use of EGCG and pterostilbene to improve traditional pancreatic cancer therapies. In conclusion, EGCG and pterostilbene have additive, antiproliferative effects in vitro and alter the apoptotic mechanisms in both cell lines by modulation at different points in the mechanism.