Abstract
The inhibitory effects of carrageenans (CRGs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in a mouse model of endotoxemia and in complex therapy of patients with enteric infections of Salmonella etiology were studied. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) examination of LPS and its mixture with CRGs showed that the LPS morphology is significantly changed under the action of κ- and κ/β-CRGs. CRGs were able to increase the synthesis of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) in vitro, and, at low concentrations, their activity in the mixture with LPS was higher. The protective effect of CRGs against Escherichia coli LPS was studied in vivo by monitoring the biochemical and pathomorphological parameters. The κ- and κ/β-CRGs and food supplement “Carrageenan-FE” increased the nonspecific resistance of mice to E. coli LPS at the expense of the inhibition of processes of thymus involution, adrenals hypertrophy, thyroid atrophy, hypercorticoidism, glycogenolysis, and lactate acidosis. The estimation of the therapeutic action of food supplement Carrageenan-FE in complex therapy of patients with enteric infections of Salmonella etiology is given. Carrageenan-FE restores the system of hemostasis and corrects some biochemical indicators and parameters in the immune systems of patients. These results allow us to hope for the practical application of CRGs for lowering the endotoxemia level in patients under the development of the infectious process caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
Highlights
The phenomenon of subclinically elevated levels of endotoxin in the bloodstream has recently been termed “metabolic endotoxemia” [1,2]
The identity of the spectra indicated that the KCl-insoluble fraction from C. armatus was κ-CRG (G4S-DA-carrabiose) with traces of ι-CRG (G4S-DA2S-carrabiose), which were randomly distributed along the polysaccharide chain as a single insertion [37]
We investigated the therapeutic effect of CRG in complex therapy of patients with enteric infections of Salmonella etiology
Summary
The phenomenon of subclinically elevated levels of endotoxin in the bloodstream has recently been termed “metabolic endotoxemia” [1,2]. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 248 the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS is the primary target for interaction with components of the host immune system, which can be activated by LPS to produce synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) [6]. The overexpression of these pro-inflammatory mediators may result in fever, severe damage of tissues, coagulopathy, endothelial dysfunction, vascular instability, apoptosis, multiorgan failure, and septic shock. Impaired intestinal barrier function and/or increased epithelial permeability may promote the translocation of bacteria and endotoxin from the gut into the body, increasing the susceptibility to infections [8]
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