Abstract
Several cover crops (CCs) exert allelopathic effects that suppress weed growth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aqueous extracts containing different concentrations [0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/v)] of Brassicaceae CCs (Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus, Camellina sativa) and of the CCs Fagopyrum esculentum and Guizotia abyssinica on germination and early growth of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. The allelopathic effects were species and concentration-dependent. C. sativa, for example, caused the greatest potential to inhibit germination, shoot, radicle length and fresh seedling weight, whereas S. alba and R. sativus inhibited germination and early growth of A. artemisiifolia only at concentrations ≥7.5%. In contrast, no inhibition was observed when aqueous extracts of F. escultneum and G. abyssinica were added at any of tested concentration. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detected 15 phenolic compounds in Brassicaceae CCs with the highest content (µg/g) of vanillin (48.8), chlorogenic acid (1057), vanilic acid (79), caffeic acid (102.5) and syringic acid (27.3) in C. sativa. Our results suggest that C. sativa is the most allelopathic CCs and that the fruits of C. sativa are the plant organs richest in allelochemicals.
Highlights
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is an invasive alien species that originated in North America and is considered one of the most harmful plant species in Europe [1]
The suppression of A. artemisiifolia germination depended on the type of cover crops (CCs) used and the concentration of CC in the aqueous extract
A. artemisiifolia shoot length, radicle length and seedling fresh weight were reduced to the greatest extent by 10% extracts of the Brassicaceae C. sativa, R. sativus and S
Summary
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is an invasive alien species that originated in North America and is considered one of the most harmful plant species in Europe [1]. This monoecious species produces up to eight million allergen pollen grains [2]. It can grow in a wide range of habitat types and climates [1], the highest annual pollen amounts are measured in Pannonian Plain, i.e., European countries with a continental climate and mid-latitude [3]. A. artemisiifolia has developed resistance to several herbicide groups [7] and recently, the poorer efficacy of some postemergence herbicides in soybean has been reported by Croatian farmers
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