Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are usually small molecule peptides, which display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, high efficiency, and stability. For the multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains, AMPs play a significant role in the development of novel antibiotics because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and specific antimicrobial mechanism. Besides broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, AMPs also have anti-inflammatory activity. The neutralization of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) plays a key role in anti-inflammatory action of AMPs. On the one hand, AMPs can readily penetrate the cell wall barrier by neutralizing LPS to remove Gram-negative bacteria that can lead to infection. On the contrary, AMPs can also inhibit the production of biological inflammatory cytokines to reduce the inflammatory response through neutralizing circulating LPS. In addition, AMPs also modulate the host immune system by chemotaxis of leukocytes, to promote immune cell proliferation, epithelialization, and angiogenesis and thus play a protective role. This review summarizes some recent researches about anti-inflammatory AMPs, with a focus on the interaction of AMPs and LPS on the past decade.
Highlights
Inflammation is the part tissue defense against the damage factors, and it is an important component of the innate immune system
The host cells such as monocytes and macrophages are important for innate immune that can be used as the first line and be recruited to the site of infection to defend against the pathogenic bacteria
When pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) interacts with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), immune cells secrete chemokines, such as IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/3), activating neutrophils, mast cells, and epithelial cells that secrete Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), like defensins α and LL-37 [53, 54]
Summary
Inflammation is the part tissue defense against the damage factors, and it is an important component of the innate immune system. Once LPS is released into the blood system, it will cause monocytes and phagocytic cells to produce large amounts of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). The overexpression of such cytokines can cause multiple organ damage, such as sepsis. Antibiotics will speed up the release of bacterial LPS by killing bacteria in order to activate the immune system to secrete cytokines and produce endotoxin shock reaction. For this reason, looking for novel antiinflammatory drugs that can have both antibacterial and neutralizing LPS is very urgent.
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