Abstract
This study investigated the cancer chemopreventive effects of an acidic methanol extract of purple rice husk on chemically induced carcinogenesis in rats. This purple rice husk extract (PRHE) had high polyphenol contents. Vanillic acid was a major phenolic compound in PRHE. Three major anthocyanins found in PRHE were malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. PRHE was not toxic and clastogenic in rats. The LD50 of PRHE was greater than 2000 mg kg−1 body weight (BW). The oral administration of 300 or 1000 mg kg−1 BW of PRHE for 28 days significantly decreased the number of micronucleated hepatocytes in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rats. The inhibitory mechanisms were associated with the reduction of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression and induction of some detoxifying enzymes in the liver. In addition, treatment with 500 mg kg−1 BW of PRHE for eight weeks did not induce preneoplastic lesions in the liver and colon. It significantly inhibited hepatic glutathione-S-transferase positive foci formation induced by diethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by suppression of hepatocyte proliferation and induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, PRHE did not present toxicity, clastogenicity or carcinogenicity in rats. It exhibited cancer chemopreventive properties against chemically induced early stages rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Anthocyanins and vanillic acid might be candidate anticarcinogenic compounds in purple rice husk.
Highlights
Gastrointestinal cancer incidence in Asia has been annually increasing because of dietary patterns and lifestyle changes, obesity and ageing [1]
The major anthocyanins contained in the extract were malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside, as well as free cyanidin
Small amounts of delphinidin-3glucoside and peonidin were found in the extract, while pelargonidin, delphinidin and malvidin were not detected
Summary
Gastrointestinal cancer incidence in Asia has been annually increasing because of dietary patterns and lifestyle changes, obesity and ageing [1]. Numerous reports have shown evidence that bioactive compounds rich in natural products exhibit various biological activities to rejuvenate health and alleviate diseases [2]. The inedible parts of plants, such as the peel and husk, which contain high polyphenolic compound content, have been used for food supplements [3]. Punicalin from pomegranate husk presented free radical scavenging activity [4], while quercetin and protocatechuic acid methyl ester from Chinese hickory husk exhibited antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects on SH-SY5Y cells [5]. Polysaccharides from Citrus sphaerocarpa peels inhibited angiogenesis and cell migration in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells [7]
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