Abstract
In previous studies, heterocyclic amines (HCAs) have been identified as carcinogenic and a risk factor for human cancer. Therefore, the present study was designed to identify bioactive natural products capable of controlling the formation of HCAs during cooking. For this purpose we have evaluated the effect of Rosa rugosa tea extract (RTE) on the formation of HCAs in ground beef patties fried at 160 °C or 220 °C. RTE is rich in phenolic compounds and capable of inhibiting the formation of free radicals. The pyrido[3,4-b]indole (norharman) and 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (harman) contents were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in RTE-treated patties at 220 °C. 9H-3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole acetate (Trp-P-2) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-[4,3-b]indole acetate (Trp-P-1) were not detected at 160 °C and were statistically (p < 0.01) reduced at 220 °C compared to the control. RTE remarkably inhibited the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) at 220 °C (p < 0.001) and at 160 °C (p < 0.05). 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) and 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]-indole (MeAαC) were only detected in the control group at 160 °C but were comparatively (p > 0.05) similar in the control and treated groups at 220 °C. 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) were not detected in any sample. Total HCAs were positively correlated with cooking loss. In the RTE-treated groups, 75% of the total HCAs were decreased at 160 °C and 46% at 220 °C, suggesting that RTE is effective at both temperatures and can be used during cooking at high temperatures to lessen the amount of HCAs formed.
Highlights
Meat is a highly nutritious food for human growth and development, but a number of studies show a possible association between the consumption of meat and an increased risk of cancer [1]
heterocyclic amines (HCAs) belong to a class of structurally similar compounds having three fused aromatic rings possessing at least one nitrogen atom, one exocyclic amino group and up to four methyl groups [8]
Rosa rugosa tea extract is rich in phenolic compounds and capable of inhibiting free radicals
Summary
Meat is a highly nutritious food for human growth and development, but a number of studies show a possible association between the consumption of meat and an increased risk of cancer [1]. A reaction between creatine, sugars and amino acids occurs at high temperatures (above 150 ̋ C) during the cooking of meat and causes the formation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in meat and meat products [2]. These HCAs are potent carcinogens and a risk factor for human cancer [3]. HCAs belong to a class of structurally similar compounds having three fused aromatic rings possessing at least one nitrogen atom, one exocyclic amino group and up to four methyl groups [8] Based on this chemical constitution, HCAs can be classified into two groups; the aminocarbolines and the aminoimidazoazaarenes. Aminocarbolines or pyrolytic HCAs are formed at higher temperatures
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