Inhibitory Effect of Phellinus baumii Extract on CFA-Induced Inflammation in MH-S Cells through Nuclear Factor-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways.

H M Arif Ullah,Sung Dae Kim,Man Hee Rhee,Yuan Yee Lee,Bong-Sik Yun,Saeideh Saadat

doi:10.1155/2021/5535630

Abstract

Phellinus baumii is a mushroom utilized as a traditional medicine for a wide range of human ailments, including diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer, in Asia. The purpose of this study was to find out whether Phellinus baumii extract (PBE) could reduce inflammation caused by coal fly ash (CFA) in alveolar macrophages (MH-S). The anti-inflammatory effect of PBE was evaluated by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) concentration after the onset of CFA-stimulated inflammation in MH-S cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine inflammatory gene expression. Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) studies were used to investigate the inflammatory mechanism in MH-S cells. According to our results, the PBE suppressed CFA-induced NO generation in the MH-S cells dose-dependently. Furthermore, PBE inhibited the proinflammatory mediators and cytokines generated by exposure to CFA, including cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Real-time PCR was also used to determine the inhibiting effect of the PBE on proinflammatory factors such as COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, Western blot was used to assess the effects of the PBE on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the CFA-stimulated MH-S cells. The suppressive effect of the PBE on phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB translocation was also investigated using IF analysis. This study showed that the PBE suppressed the CFA-induced inflammation in the MH-S cells by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which suggests its potential usefulness in reducing lung inflammation.

Highlights

Inflammation is an important aspect of the immune system’s defense against damaging stimuli [1, 2]
Macrophages play an important role in the operation of inflammatory processes, primarily by producing proinflammatory mediators and cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [4]. us, the inhibition of the proinflammatory macrophage activation is considered a vital approach for treating inflammatory disorders
Phellinus baumii Extract Protected against Coal Fly AshInduced Nitric Oxide (NO) Generation and Cell Death in the Alveolar Macrophage Cells

Summary

Introduction

Inflammation is an important aspect of the immune system’s defense against damaging stimuli [1, 2]. Macrophages play an important role in the operation of inflammatory processes, primarily by producing proinflammatory mediators and cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [4]. Chronic PM exposure has been linked to chronic inflammatory disorders, severe lung diseases such as chronic respiratory diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, asthma, and several types of lung cancer [6,7,8]. Many pathological and clinical signs of airway inflammatory disorders are linked to excessive production of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines [9, 10]. Alveolar macrophages (MH-S) are Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine immune cells in the immunological regulatory system that are found in the pulmonary alveoli and responsible for upregulating inflammatory mediators caused by exposure to coal fly ash (CFA)

Methods

Results

Conclusion