Abstract
Blocking the polyol pathway plays an important role preventing diabetic complications. Therefore, aldose reductase (AR) and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formation has significant effect on diabetic complications. Artemisia iwayomogi has long been used as treatment of various diseases in Korea. However, no literatures have reported on AR and AGEs formation inhibitory activities of A. iwayomogi. For these reasons, we aimed to assess that A. iwayomogi had potential as anti-diabetic complications agents. We led to isolation of two coumarins (1 and 2), nine flavonoids (3–11), five caffeoylquinic acids (12–16), three diterpene glycosides (17–19), and one phenolic compound (20) from A. iwayomogi. Among them, hispidulin (4), 6-methoxytricin (6), arteanoflavone (7), quercetin-3-gentiobioside (10), 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (13), and suavioside A (18) were first reported on the isolation from A. iwayomogi. Not only two coumarins (1 and 2), nine flavonoids (3–11), and five caffeoylquinic acids (12–16) but also extracts showed significant inhibitor on AR and AGEs formation activities. We analyzed contents of major bioactive compounds in Korea's various regions of A. iwayomogi. Overall, we selected Yangyang, Gangwon-do, from June, which contained the highest amounts of bioactive compounds, as suitable areas for cultivating A. iwayomogi as preventive or therapeutic agent in the treatment of diabetic complications.
Highlights
Aldose reductase (AR) belongs to the aldo-keto reductase family
Sorbitol is implicated in the pathogenesis of sugar cataracts, while the accumulation of fructose induces the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), which are strongly implicated in diabetic complications and Alzheimer’s disease [5]
Our study reported the isolation of two coumarins, nine flavonoids ( – ), five caffeoylquinic acids ( – ), three diterpene glycosides ( – ), and one phenolic compound ( )
Summary
Aldose reductase (AR) belongs to the aldo-keto reductase family It is the first and rate-controlling enzyme in the polyol pathway that reduces glucose to sorbitol using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2-phosphate (NADPH) as a cofactor [1, 2]. Blood sugar is high, the polyol pathway converts the excess glucose into sorbitol and fructose. This accumulation of sorbitol and fructose has been demonstrated to be responsible for diabetic complications, including nephropathy, cataracts, neuropathy, and retinopathy [3, 4]. Sorbitol is implicated in the pathogenesis of sugar cataracts, while the accumulation of fructose induces the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), which are strongly implicated in diabetic complications and Alzheimer’s disease [5]. There is a wide range of literature demonstrating that the developments of AR and AGEs formation are blocked by natural sources, especially plants that have an enormous content of bioactive compounds [6, 7]
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