Abstract
Continuous exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) can cause photodamage of the skin. This photodamage can be inhibited by the overexpression of the non-coding RNA, nc886, via the protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) pathway. The study aims to identify how UVB inhibits nc886 expression, and it also seeks to determine whether substances that can control nc886 expression can influence UV-induced inflammation, and the mechanisms involved. The results suggest that UVB irradiation accelerates the methylation of the nc886 gene, therefore, reducing its expression. This induces the activation of the PKR, which accelerates the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and the production of MMP-9, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PGE2), and certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Conversely, in a model of nc886 overexpression, the expression and production of those inflammatory factors are inhibited. In addition, Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) protect the levels of nc886 against UVB irradiation then subsequently inhibit the production of UV-induced inflammatory factors through the PKR pathway.
Highlights
Seaweed has long been used in the East Asian region, including Korea, China, and Japan, for a variety of different purposes, from dietary remedies to culinary flavors, to medicine [1,2,3,4]
This study determined that the exposure of skin cells to ultraviolet B (UVB) can cause the reduction of nc886 expression, leading to protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) activation
This results in the phosphorylation of the PKR and the induction of MMP-9, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and the stimulation of inflammatory cytokines [25]
Summary
Seaweed has long been used in the East Asian region, including Korea, China, and Japan, for a variety of different purposes, from dietary remedies to culinary flavors, to medicine [1,2,3,4]. In Chinese, and “Kombu” in Japanese) has long been used in traditional food and medicine across the region. Its versatility is likely from its water-soluble fibers (i.e., alginate and fucoidan) and other fat-soluble ingredients (e.g., fucosterol, fucoxanthin, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc). Kelp possesses plenty of polysaccharides that provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects [5,6]. Studies have attempted to use these anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to protect skin from the increasing environmental hazards. Fucoxanthin is a substance that prevents cell damage generated from oxidative stress [4]. It has been reported that an ethanolic extract of kelp suppresses inflammatory cytokine production in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
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