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Abstract
Purpose: This research aims to study the influences of heparin (HP) on the aggregation of nano calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and nano calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) with mean diameter of about 50 nm. Method: The influences of different concentrations of HP on the mean diameter and Zeta potential of nano COM and nano COD were investigated using a nanoparticle size Zeta potential analyzer. Results: HP could be adsorbed on the surface of nano COM and nano COD crystals, leading to an increase in the absolute value of Zeta potential on the crystals and an increase in the electrostatic repulsion force between crystals. Consequently, the aggregation of the crystals is reduced and the stability of the system is improved. The strong adsorption ability of HP was closely related to the -OSO3− and -COO− groups contained in the HP molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the coordination of HP with Ca2+ ions of COM and COD crystals. Conclusion: HP could inhibit the aggregation of nano COM and nano COD crystals and increase their stability in aqueous solution, which is conducive in inhibiting the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
Highlights
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the major inorganic component of urinary calculi
This study aims to investigate the influences of the urinary inhibitor HP on aggregation of the formed calcium oxalate crystals, including nano calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals, to elucidate the mechanism of urinary stone formation from a different perspective
A nanoparticle size analyzer was used to study the effect of HP concentration on mean diameter of nano COM and nano COD crystals
Summary
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the major inorganic component of urinary calculi. The formation of CaOx stones is closely related to the supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and solid phase transformation of CaOx [6]. No significant difference exists in the supersaturation degree of stone salts between stone-forming patients and normal persons. The inhibitors in urine play an important role in stone formation. Compared with that of stone-forming patients, the urine of normal persons has more types of inhibitors with higher concentration and stronger activity. These inhibitors include some small-molecule inorganic salts, such as citrate and pyrophosphate, and urinary macromolecules, such as glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), nephrocalcin, Tamm-Horsfall protein, and prothrombin fragment 1 [7,8]
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