Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a common dermatophyte of the skin. The aim of this experiment was to explore the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth induced by 420-nm intense pulsed light (IPL). This study found that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NO levels were increased, whereas asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) level, keratinase activity, and fungal viability were decreased after IPL treatment compared with the control condition in vitro. Moreover, micromorphology was damaged by IPL treatment. Fungal viability was increased, and the damage to the fungal structure was reduced after pretreatment with an NOS inhibitor (L-NMMA) compared with IPL treatment alone. Compared with IPL alone, pretreatment with L-NMMA decreased NOS expression and NO level and increased keratinase activity. We found that 420-nm IPL treatment can inhibit the growth of T. rubrum by regulating NO in vitro.
Highlights
Infectious diseases caused by fungi are collectively referred to as fungal diseases and are classified as superficial fungal diseases and deep fungal diseases according to the depth of invasion in the human body (Aly, 1994)
This study aimed to examine changes in nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), keratinase, and fungal morphology to explore the role of NO in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth induced by 420-nm intense pulsed light (IPL) and to further explore a new method for the treatment of infectious fungal diseases
The NOS inhibitor group was incubated with different concentrations of L-NMMA (0.4 and 0.8 mM) for further IPL treatment (12 pulses at 12 J/cm2)
Summary
Infectious diseases caused by fungi are collectively referred to as fungal diseases and are classified as superficial fungal diseases and deep fungal diseases according to the depth of invasion in the human body (Aly, 1994). Superficial fungal diseases have a high incidence and a long duration and relapse. It is necessary to find safe, effective, simple, and easy new methods. A potentially useful antifungal technique is phototherapy, as a new in vivo and in vitro application. Many studies have demonstrated that aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT), a long-pulse-width neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd : YAG) laser (1,064 nm) therapy, could provide beneficial effects for the treatment of fungal disease in the clinic (Sotiriou et al, 2010). Studies revealed that 532- and 1,064-nm Q-switched Nd : YAG lasers and 280-nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs) significantly inhibited the growth of T. rubrum in vitro (Vural et al, 2008; Cronin et al, 2014)
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