Inhibition of TNF-α, and NF-κB and JNK pathways accounts for the prophylactic action of the natural phenolic, allylpyrocatechol against indomethacin gastropathy

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BackgroundThe gastro-intestinal disorders, induced by the NSAIDs including indomethacin (IND) remain unresolved medical problems. Herein, we disclose allylpyrocatechol (APC) as a potential agent against IND-gastropathy and rationalize its action mechanistically. MethodsMice were pre-treated with APC for 1h followed by IND (18mgkg−1) administration, and the ulcer-prevention capacity of APC was evaluated on the 3rd day by histology. Its effect on the inflammatory (MPO, cytokines, adhesion molecules), ulcer-healing (COX, prostaglandins, growth factors and their receptors) and signaling parameters (NF-κB and MAPKs) were assessed by immunoblots/mRNA, and ELISA at the time points of their maximal changes due to IND administration. ResultsIND induced oxidative stress, triggering mucosal TNF-α that activated NF-κB and JNK MAPK signaling in mice. These increased the pro-inflammatory biochemical parameters, but reduced the healing factors. APC reversed all the adverse effects to prevent gastric ulceration. APC (5mgkg−1), trolox (50mgkg−1) and NAC (250mgkg−1) showed similar protection that was better than that by misoprostol (5μgkg−1) and omeprazole (3mgkg−1). ConclusionsThe anti-ulcer effect of APC can be primarily attributed to its antioxidant action that helped in controlling various inflammatory parameters and augmenting angiogenesis. General significanceGiven that APC is an effective, non-toxic antioxidant with appreciable natural abundance, further evaluation of its pharmacokinetics and dynamics would help in promoting it as a new anti-inflammatory agent.