Abstract

Much attention is being devoted to the potential of marine sulfated polysaccharides as antiviral agents in preventing COVID-19. In this study, sulfated fucoidan and crude polysaccharides, extracted from six seaweed species (Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll, Laminaria japonica, Hizikia fusiforme, Sargassum horneri, Codium fragile, Porphyra tenera) and Haliotis discus hannai (abalone viscera), were screened for their inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus entry. Most of them showed significant antiviral activities at an IC50 of 12~289 μg/mL against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in HEK293/ACE2, except for P. tenera (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL). The crude polysaccharide of S. horneri showed the strongest antiviral activity, with an IC50 of 12 μg/mL, to prevent COVID-19 entry, and abalone viscera and H. fusiforme could also inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection with an IC50 of 33 μg/mL and 47 μg/mL, respectively. The common properties of these crude polysaccharides, which have strong antiviral activity, are high molecular weight (>800 kDa), high total carbohydrate (62.7~99.1%), high fucose content (37.3~66.2%), and highly branched polysaccharides. These results indicated that the crude polysaccharides from seaweeds and abalone viscera can effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry.

Highlights

  • Since the first identified case in December 2019, COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has spread worldwide, causing tremendous fear and a long recession

  • We investigated the inhibitory activities of eight crude polysaccharides (CPs), including fucoidan and the crude polysaccharides from Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll (CPUP), Laminaria japonica (CPLJ), Hizikia fusiforme (CPHF), Sargassum horneri (CPSH), abalone viscera (CPAV), Codium fragile (CPCF), and Porphyra tenera (CPPT) against the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein

  • Analyses of composition were performed by measuring total carbohydrates, protein, sulphate ions, and phenolic content in order to determine the properties of the crude polysaccharides (CPs)

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Summary

Introduction

Since the first identified case in December 2019, COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has spread worldwide, causing tremendous fear and a long recession. Administration issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer–BioNTech (indicated for individuals aged 16 years or older), Moderna, and Janssen (both vaccines are indicated for individuals aged 18 years or older) COVID-19 vaccines for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [2]. A total of eight (Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna, Janssen, AstraZeneca–Oxford, Sinovac Biotech, Gamaleya, CanSino Biologics, and Sinopharm) vaccines are available for public use, in limited quantities, in at least 122 countries [3]. According to Bloomberg, the latest vaccination rate is an average of 9,245,747 doses per day worldwide, and they estimate that it will take another 3.3 years to cover 75%

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