Inhibition of QDPR synergistically modulates intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin profiles in cooperation with methotrexate

Abstract

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for dopamine and serotonin synthesis in monoaminergic neurons, phenylalanine metabolism in hepatocytes, and nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial and immune cells. BH4 is consumed as a cofactor or is readily oxidized by autooxidation. Quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) is an enzyme that reduces quinonoid dihydrobiopterin (qBH2) back to BH4, and we have previously demonstrated the significance of QDPR in maintaining BH4 in vivo using Qdpr-KO mice. In addition to the levels of BH4 in the cells, the ratios of oxidized to reduced forms of BH4 are supposed to be important for regulating nitric oxide synthase (NOS) via the so-called uncoupling of NOS. However, previous studies were limited due to the absence of specific and high-affinity inhibitors against QDPR. Here, we performed a high-throughput screening for a QDPR inhibitor and identified Compound 9b with an IC50 of 0.72 μM. To understand the inhibition mechanism, we performed kinetic analyses and molecular dynamics simulations. Treatment with 9b combined with methotrexate (MTX), an inhibitor of another BH4-reducing enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), significantly oxidized intracellular redox states in HepG2, Jurkat, SH-SY5Y, and PC12D cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that 9b may enhance the anticancer and anti-autoimmune effects of MTX.