Abstract
In recent years, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been reported to affect the regeneration of bone tissue. The goal of this study was to improve bone tissue regeneration by using targeted GNPs. We fabricated a functionalized GNPs conjugated with alendronate (ALD), of the bisphosphonate group. Subsequently, the ALD, GNPs, and ALD conjugated GNPs (GNPs-ALD) were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible absorbance (UV-vis) spectrophotometer, Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (ATR-FTIR), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared GNPs-ALD were used to investigate their inhibitory effects on the receptor activator of nuclear factor- κb ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Additionally, the GNPs-ALD were applied to ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic mice and the experiments were evaluated. ALD was found to be successfully conjugated to the GNPs surface, and it displayed significant adhesion onto the bone surface. The in-vitro study indicated that the GNPs, ALD and GNPs-ALD suppressed osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in the OVX mouse model, the mice treated GNPs-ALD had higher bone density as compared to other OVX mice groups. The results from these tests indicated that GNPs-ALD can be useful agents for preventing and treating osteoporosis.
Highlights
Osteoporosis (OP) is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue
The CuO nanoparticles have high cytotoxicity and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage effect when compared with other nanoparticles[32,33]
The gold nanoparticles (GNPs) can be used as an MRI contrast agent by their adsorption to bone tissue when injected into the body
Summary
Osteoporosis (OP) is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue This disease is especially prevalent in menopausal women[1]. Bisphosphonates have been used for treatment of metastatic bone disease, Paget’s disease, multiple myeloma, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and human breast carcinoma[6,7,8] These drugs are commonly used to decrease bone adsorption by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts. The excessive inhibition of bone resorption may cause problems such as suppression of bone formation and jaw necrosis[13,14]. Various nanoparticles have shown promise in studies of bone tissue regeneration[19] Amongst these various nanoparticles, we noticed gold nanoparticles (GNPs) because they are effective for both promoting osteo-differentiation and inhibiting osteoclast formation. It is necessary to modify the surface of these particles so that they target to bone tissue
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