Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Aggravates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Effect of 2-Amino-4-Methylpyridine

Abstract

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to play a role in maintaining normal renal function. However, the role of NO in cisplatin (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity is still unclear. The aim of the present work was to examine the effect of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, 2-amino-4-methylpyridine, on the severity of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. Three control groups received plain drinking water or water containing 1.5% L-arginine. One of the two groups receiving plain water was treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 2-amino-4-methylpyridine (1 mg/kg in normal saline), and the other two control groups were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline. Another three groups were treated in the same manner and injected with CDDP (6 mg/kg, i.p.). CDDP was injected 1 h after 2-amino-4-methylpyridine treatment. Rats were sacrificed 7 days after CDDP treatment, and serum as well as kidneys were isolated and analysed. Results: CDDP-treated rats showed increases in the kidney weight as a percentage of the total body weight and serum creatinine and urea levels and decreases in serum albumin and calcium levels. Also, CDDP treatment induced reductions in the kidney total nitrate/nitrite (NO_x), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) levels and an increase in the kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) production level. In contrast, 2-amino-4-methylpyridine treatment 1 h prior to CDDP injection induced marked exacerbation of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, as manifested by severe aggravation of the indices of nephrotoxicity. Also, 2-amino-4-methylpyridine plus CDDP-treated rats showed exaggeration of the reduction in the kidney total NO_x content and GSH-Px activity and elevation of the kidney platinum accumulation level with normalization of the kidney MDA production level and rebound in the kidney GSH content. Histopathologically, CDDP-treated rats showed marked interstitial nephritis, tubular atrophy and tubular necrosis. However, treatment with 2-amino-4-methylpyridine 1 h prior to CDDP injection revealed marked exacerbation of CDDP-induced histopathological changes. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that NO plays a role in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Administration of 2-amino-4-methylpyridine, an NOS inhibitor, exacerbates CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity.