Inhibition of neointimal formation by targeted delivery of porcine coronary arterial endothelial cells overexpressing interleukin-8 (IL8) receptors in pig coronary arteries after stent implantation

Abstract

Purpose of the study: We aimed to determine if there is any relationship between long term exposure to ambient air pollution and the blood pressure and inflammatory processes among young subjects. Methods: We recruited permanent residents of two Polish major cities, Krakow and Lublin, with very similar urban structure characteristics, which significantly differ in mean 10-year ambient air pollution levels: PM2.5 (22.4 vs. 41.7mg/m3) and PM10 (29.4 vs. 56.9 mg/m3) respectively. Data regarding BMI, lifestyle, ethnics and family history was collected. Measurements of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were performed and blood tests, including inflammatory markers were studied. Results: 826 subjects (558 females, 268 males) aged 18.02 1.12 were randomly recruited, 382 in Lublin, 444 in Krakow. There were no differences between groups in BMI (median: 20,80 kg/m2), age, ethnic. We found no significant differences in BP parameters, pulse pressure (PP) between subjects differing in exposure to air pollution. Lublin vs. Krakow: DBP (70.3; IQR 10.5 vs. 69.7; IQR 9.3 mmHg), SBP (122.3; IQR 16.3 vs. 121.3; IQR 16.6 mmHg), PP (50.8; IQR 12.8 vs. 51.3; IQR 12.7 mmHg). Moreover we found lower PP (51.0; IQR 13.0 vs. 53.1; IQR 12.0 mmHg) in subjects drinking energy drinks more frequent than several times a week. We found significantly higher inflammatory parameters in inhabitants of highly polluted city. Lublin vs. Krakow: CRP (0.4; IQR 0.5 vs. 0.77; IQR 0.6 mg/ml, p<0.0001), hs-CRP (0.35; IQR 0.4 vs. 0.50; IQR 0.6 mg/ml, p<.0001), Hcy (9.03; IQR 4.6 vs. 10.3; IQR 4.4 mM, p<.0001) and fibrinogen (244; IQR 57.7 vs. 263; IQR 87.8 mg/dl, p<0.0001). Rhinitis was more frequent in subjects living in Cracow (16.12% vs. 10.36% p1⁄40.035). Highest CRP, fibrinogen, hs-CRP, Hcy levels were in overweight subjects living in Cracow. Conclusions: This study shows, that young adolescents living living in a city with high air pollution show increased levels of cardiovascular risk biomarkers including of inflammatory response.