Inhibition of LPS-Induced Oxidative Damages and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Phyllanthus emblica Extract via Down-Regulating NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS in RAW 264.7 Cells.

Chia Chi Cheng,Ling Fu,Meng Yi Lin,Po Chun Lee,Nathania Earlene Belinda,Hong Lin Su,Wen-Hung Lin,Rong Gao,Thi Hiep Nguyen,Liang Po Hsieh,Hui Min-David Wang

doi:10.3390/antiox8080270

Abstract

Phyllanthus emblica is an edible nutraceutical and functional food in the Asia area with medicinal and nutritive importance. The fruit extract of P. emblica is currently considered to be one of the effective functional foods for flesh maintenance and disease treatments because of its antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties. We examined the antioxidant abilities of the fruit extract powder by carrying out 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, iron reducing power, and metal chelating activity analysis and showed excellent antioxidative results. In 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the result showed that the samples had no cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 cells even at a high concentration of 2 mg/mL. To investigate its immunomodulatory function, our estimation was to treat it with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells to present anti-inflammatory capacities. The extract decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels in a dose-dependent manner measured by flow cytometry. We also examined various inflammatory mRNAs and proteins, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting assay, all three targets were decreased by the extract, also in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, P. emblica fruit extract powder not only lessened antioxidative stress damages, but also inhibited inflammatory reactions.

Highlights

Innate immune response, called nonspecific immune response, is the first barrier to stop detrimental materials invading our bodies and granulocytes, macrophages, and inflammatory biomolecules are involved
This study is about antioxidative properties and anti-inflammatory effects from P. emblica fruit extracts induced by LPS and provides evidence of the possible beneficial health advantages of this native Taiwan fruit
On the basis of the results from the antioxidant experiments, we found that P

Summary

Introduction

Called nonspecific immune response, is the first barrier to stop detrimental materials invading our bodies and granulocytes, macrophages, and inflammatory biomolecules are involved. Inflammation, a common but complex reaction after the immune system recognizes external pathogens or damaged cells, occurs in all types of human tissues and usually presents a protective effect. A normal inflammatory response has been regarded as a guard to protect the human body from extrinsic pathogens and intrinsic injury [1]. For example, increased blood flow, vasodilation, elevated cellular metabolism, a release of proinflammatory mediators, cellular influx, and an accumulation of fluid are hallmarks of inflammatory responses. An inflammatory reaction is good for humans. Proinflammatory mediators are aimed as targets because inflammatory cells recruit these materials to the scene site

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