Abstract
The present study reports a cost-effective, environmentally friendly method to increase the bioavailability and bio-efficacy of B. rufescens stem bark extract in the biological system via functional modification as B. rufescens stem bark nanoparticles (BR-TO2-NPs). The biosynthesis of BR- -NPs was confirmed by UV-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction analyses. The shifts in FT-IR stretching vibrations of carboxylic and nitro groups (1615 cm−1), the O–H of phenolics or carboxylic acids (3405 cm−1), alkanes, and alkyne groups (2925 and 2224 cm−1) of the plant extract and lattice (455) indicated successful biosynthesis of BR- -NPs. Compared with the stem bark extract, 40 ng/dL dose of BR- -NPs led to a reduction in adipogenesis and an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis-related gene expressions, adiponectin-R1, PPARγC1α, UCP-1, and PRDM16, in maturing-adipocytes. This confirmed the intracellular uptake, bioavailability, and bio-efficiency of BR-TiO2-NPs. The lipid-lowering capacity of BR-TiO2-NPs effectively inhibited the metabolic inflammation-related gene markers, IL-6, TNF-α, LTB4-R, and Nf-κb. Further, BR-TiO2-NPs stimulating mitochondrial thermogenesis capacity was proven by the significantly enhanced CREB-1 and AMPK protein levels in adipocytes. In conclusion, BR-TiO2-NPs effectively inhibited lipid accumulation and proinflammatory adipokine levels in maturing adipocytes; it may help to overcome obesity-associated comorbidities.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is emerging rapidly with the development of nanosized materials, which have potential biomedical applications, especially in screening and preventing diseases
A previous study reported that TiO2-NPs interfere with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling cascade, inducing ROS-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as central underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to cell apoptosis in malignant cells, compared to neighboring physiological cells [10]
The present study aims to evaluate the potential of the fabricated TiO2/Bauhinia rufescens nanoparticles on inhibiting lipid accumulation and adipokine secretion in maturing adipocytes
Summary
Nanotechnology is emerging rapidly with the development of nanosized materials, which have potential biomedical applications, especially in screening and preventing diseases. Nanomaterials have a vast surface area, strong absorptivity, and high bioavailability, especially the good targeting properties and adjustable release rate, which might benefit the diagnosis and treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases [7]. In this regard, manganese tetroxide nanoparticles (MnNPs, around 250 nm) were integrated into electrospun short fibers (SF@Rsg-Mn) and used to treat a diet-induced obesity mouse model; these nanoparticles led to weight loss by reducing fat, improvement in lipid metabolism, and a decrease in adverse effects on other tissues [8]. Small-sized TiO2 nanoparticles have certain limitations in that they can mediate immune toxicity in rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages [11]
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