Abstract
The formation and adherance of calcium sulfate dihydrate, hemihydrate, and anhydrite scales is a problem in many heat exchanger applications where the equipment is fed with waters containing high levels of calcium and sulfate. Industrial processes are affected by the deposition of sulfate scales including cooling, boiler, desalination (i.e., flash distillation), and oil recovery. Historically, polymeric and non-polymeric additives have been used in these processes to prevent the formation and deposition of scaling salts. In the present study, the influence of polymeric additives on gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O) scale on heat exchanger surfaces has been investigated. It has been observed that polymer composition, molecular weight, ionic charge and charge density, and polymer dosage have a significant impact on the performance of the polymeric additive.
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