Abstract
Nanosilicate platelets (NSP), the form of natural silicate clay that was exfoliated from montmorillonite (MMT), is widely used as a feed additive for its high non-specific binding capacity with mycotoxins such as fumonisin B1 (FB1), and has been evaluated its safety for biomedical use including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and lethal dosage (LD). In the study, we further examined its toxicity on the development of CD1 mouse embryos and its capacity to prevent teratogenesis-induced by FB1. In vitro cultures, NSP did not disturb the development and the quality of intact pre-implantation mouse embryos. Further, newborn mice from females consumed with NSP showed no abnormalities. NSP had an unexpected high adsorption capacity in vitro. In contrast to female mice consumed with FB1 only, a very low residual level of FB1 in the circulation, reduced incidence of neutral tube defects and significantly increased fetal weight were observed in the females consumed with FB1 and NSP, suggesting a high alleviation effect of NSP on FB1 in vivo. Furthermore, FB1 treatment disturbed the gene expression of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes (longevity assurance homolog 5, LASS 5; sphingosine kinase 1, Sphk1; sphingosine kinase 2, Sphk2; sphingosine 1- phosphate lyase, Sgpl1; sphingosine 1-phosphate phosphatase, Sgpp1) in the maternal liver, uterus, fetus, and placenta, but NSP administration reversed the perturbations. Based on these findings, we conclude that NSP is a feasible and effective agent for supplementary use in reducing the toxicity of FB1 to animals.
Highlights
Corn and soybean meal are the primary components of animal feed
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was a strong inhibitor of ceramide synthase (Fig. 8A), and may disturb the metabolism of the sphingolipids that are important for stabilizing the structure and function of the cell membrane (Fig. 8A) [23,25,26]
Due its chemical similarities with sphinganine and sphingosine, FB1 may inhibit the activity of ceramide synthase localized at the endoplasmic reticulum and disturb the metabolism of the sphingolipids that are important for stabilizing the structure and function of the cell membrane (Fig. 8A) [23,25,26]
Summary
Animal feed can be an excellent place for mold growth to produce mycotoxins. Out of more than 300 types of mycotoxins discovered, five are the most common in animal feed: alfatoxin, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, zearalenone, and fumonisins [1]. In specific strains of mice, high doses of FB1 increase the incidence of NTD [7,8,9,10]. 20,000 ions/platelet) [16,17] After using these unique characteristics to bind to the surface of microorganism [18,19,20], it was demonstrated that the growth of various strains of bacteria was completely inhibited at 0.3% (w/v) NSP by nonspecific binding [20]. We evaluate the influences of NSP on the pre-implantation development of mouse embryos and the adsorption of FB1 by NSP via both in vitro and in vivo assays
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