Abstract

Diarrheal shellfish toxins (DSTs) are among the most widely distributed phytotoxins, and are associated with diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) events in human beings all over the world. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to identify an effective method for toxin removal in bivalves. In this paper, we found that curcumin (CUR), a phytopolylphenol pigment, can inhibit the accumulation of DSTs (okadaic acid-eq) in the digestive gland of Perna viridis after Prorocentrum lima exposure. qPCR results demonstrated that CUR inhibited the induction of DSTs on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), hormone receptor 96 (HR96) and CYP3A4 mRNA, indicating that the CUR-induced reduction in DSTs may be correlated with the inhibition of transcriptional induction of AhR, HR96 and CYP3A4. The histological examination showed that P. lima cells caused severe damage to the digestive gland of P. viridis, and the addition of curcumin effectively alleviated the damage induced by P. lima. In conclusion, our findings provide a potential method for the effective removal of toxins from DST-contaminated shellfish.

Highlights

  • Phytotoxin accumulation in filter-feeding shellfish is a global phenomenon

  • The diarrheal shellfish toxins (DSTs) content in the P. lima-exposed mussels was higher than the control counterparts at both 12 and 48 h (p < 0.05)

  • The expressions of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) at 12 h, and hormone receptor 96 (HR96) at 48 h after the addition of CUR (P. lima + CUR group) were remarkably lower than those without CUR (P. lima group). These results suggest that CUR may affect the metabolic process of DSTs in mussels by altering the expression of genes involved in metabolism, such as AhR, HR96 and CYP3A4

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Summary

Introduction

Phytotoxin accumulation in filter-feeding shellfish is a global phenomenon. Bivalve mollusks are undoubtedly the main carriers of shellfish toxins, including diarrheal shellfish toxins (DSTs) and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) [1]. Severe poisoning may occur when people consume shellfish that are contaminated with such phytotoxins [2]. DSTs are among the most frequent and globally distributed marine biotoxins, and are usually associated with diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) events all over the world [3,4,5]. They include okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysis toxins (DTXs). Some genera of Prorocentrum and Dynophysis can produce DSTs [3]. Prorocentrum lima has been widely used in DST-related studies as a reliable source of DSTs [6]

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