Abstract
Zamzam water is well known of its high conductivity. For this fact urologist and nephrologists recommend their patients who are suffering from kidney stones not to drink this water because it could worse their health status. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Zamzam water on calcium oxalate nephrotoxicity in experimentally induced kidney stones in male Wistar albino rats. Calcium oxalate crystals were induced by orally administration of 200 mg of glycolic acid dissolved in the drinking water. The rats were divided into three groups; six rats each. These include positive control group (given glycolic acid), test group (given glycolic acid plus Zamzam water) and negative group (given drinking water only). After two weeks of treatment, blood analysis of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine showed significant differences in positive control group compared to the negative control group, whereas no significant differences were noticed in the level of BUN and creatinine between both the negative control and the test group. Moreover, urine analysis showed a high density of calcium oxalate crystals in the positive control group, whereas no crystals were detected in the negative control and the test groups. Histopathological investigations showed damaging in kidneys of the positive control group with no tissue abnormalities in the negative control and the test group. I concluded from this study that Zamzam water prevents the formation calcium oxalate stone, which probably mean that it has no negative effect on patients suffering from kidney disorders due to crystals formation.
Highlights
Zamzam water is located inside the Holy Mosque at about 20 meters east of the Ka’ba in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
Oxalate metabolism considered to be almost identical between rats and humans, a rat model of calcium oxalate nephrotoxicity can be used to test the effect of different compounds on oxalate nephrotoxicity and which of them can alter the solubility of oxalate [10]
The chemical analysis of Zamzam water demonstrated highly significant readings in some inorganic elements when compared to the tap water
Summary
Zamzam water is located inside the Holy Mosque at about 20 meters east of the Ka’ba in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia. Zamzam water is different from other water in many ways: first no bacteria can form at its source Second it doesn’t go mouldy nor does it change colour, taste or smell [1]. Biological growth and vegetation usually take place in most wells. This makes water unpalatable owing to the growth of algae leading to changes in taste and odour. Renal calculi are formed when the urine is supersaturated with salt and minerals such as calcium oxalate, struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate), uric acid and cystine [4]. In most types of kidney stones, calcium oxalate crystals are found to be the main constituent. This study was conducted to illustrate the effects of Zamzam water on experimentally induced renal in animal model
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