Inhibition and eradication of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm by phytochemical extracts of cranberry and sumac berry

Abstract

Background: Diverse infections occur due to specific virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes, such as surface proteins and their biofilm formation capacity. This study aimed to assess the anti-biofilm effects of phytochemical-rich fruit extracts of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and sumac berry (Rhus typhina). Methods: Biofilm inhibition and eradication potential of the berries were tested by metabolic activity measurement and viable cell count technique as well as visualization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradicating concentration of cranberry and sumac berry extracts ranged from 1 to >4 mg mL-1 and 2 to >16 mg mL-1, respectively. The effects of these extracts on the pre-formed biofilms and biofilm formation were imaged. The scanning electron microscopy images were indicative that the extracts could affect the integrity of bacteria hence quenching the biofilm formation capacity of S. pyogenes Conclusion: Further investigations on quorum sensing and exopolysaccharide formation can confirm the anti-biofilm potency of extracts.