Inherent Optical Properties of the Baltic Sea in Comparison to Other Seas and Oceans

Abstract

In order to retrieve geophysical satellite products in coastal waters with high coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), models and processors require parameterization with regional specific inherent optical properties (sIOPs). The sIOPs of the Baltic Sea were evaluated and compared to a global NOMAD/COLORS Reference Data Set (RDS), covering a wide range of optical provinces. Ternary plots of relative absorption at 442 nm showed CDOM dominance over phytoplankton and non-algal particle absorption (NAP). At 670 nm, the distribution of Baltic measurements was not different from case 1 waters and the retrieval of Chl a was shown to be improved by red-ratio algorithms. For correct retrieval of CDOM from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) data, a different CDOM slope over the Baltic region is required. The CDOM absorption slope, SCDOM, was significantly higher in the northwestern Baltic Sea: 0.018 (±0.002) compared to 0.016 (±0.005) for the RDS. Chl a-specific absorption and ad [SPM]*(442) and its spectral slope did not differ significantly. The comparison to the MERIS Reference Model Document (RMD) showed that the SNAP slope was generally much higher (0.011 ± 0.003) than in the RMD (0.0072 ± 0.00108), and that the SPM scattering slope was also higher (0.547 ± 0.188) vs. 0.4. The SPM-specific scattering was much higher (1.016 ± 0.326 m2 g−1) vs. 0.578 m2 g−1 in RMD. SPM retrieval could be improved by applying the local specific scattering. A novel method was implemented to derive the phase function (PF) from AC9 and VSF-3 data. b ˜ was calculated fitting a Fournier–Forand PF to the normalized VSF data. b ˜ was similar to Petzold, but the PF differed in the backwards direction. Some of the sIOPs showed a bimodal distribution, indicating different water types—e.g., coastal vs. open sea. This seems to be partially caused by the distribution of inorganic particles that fall out relatively close to the coast. In order to improve remote sensing retrieval from Baltic Sea data, one should apply different parameterization to these distinct water types, i.e., inner coastal waters that are more influenced by scattering of inorganic particles vs. open sea waters that are optically dominated by CDOM absorption.