Inhaled nintedanib is well-tolerated and delivers key pharmacokinetic parameters required to treat bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis

Abstract

Oral nintedanib is marketed for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease and Chronic Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases with a Progressive Phenotype. While effective at slowing fibrosis progression, as an oral medicine nintedanib has limitations. To reduce side effects and maximize efficacy, nintedanib was reformulated as a solution for nebulization and inhaled administration. To predict effectiveness treating IPF, inhalation was used as a tool to dissect the pharmacokinetic components required for nintedanib pulmonary anti-fibrotic activity. Following oral administration, nintedanib extensively partitioned into tissue and exhibited flip-flop pharmacokinetics, whereby resulting lung Cmax and AUC were substantially higher than plasma. By comparison, inhaled nintedanib was capable of delivering an oral-equivalent lung Cmax with lower local and systemic AUC. Using a multi-challenge bleomycin rat model, this distinct inhaled pharmacokinetic profile was dose responsive (0.05, 0.25 and 0.375 mg/kg), delivering oral-superior pulmonary anti-fibrotic activity with an equivalent delivered lung Cmax (QD inhaled 0.375 mg/kg versus BID oral 60 mg/kg). Possibly assisting this improvement, the infrequent high inhaled dose also improved bleomycin-challenged animal weight gain to levels equivalent to sham. By comparison, BID oral weight gain was substantially less than controls, suggesting a negative health impact on oral administered animals combating fibrosis. Both oral and inhaled administration exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, with oral achieving significance. In summary, inhalation (short-duration nintedanib lung Cmax without high local or systemic AUC) was well-tolerated and was effective reducing bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.