Inhaled nebulized nitrite and nitrate therapy in a canine model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension

Abstract

Dysfunction in the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway can lead to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mammals. Discovery of an alternative pathway to NO generation involving reduction from nitrate to nitrite and to NO has motivated the evaluation of nitrite as an alternative to inhaled NO for PH. In contrast, inhaled nitrate has not been evaluated to date, and potential benefits include a prolonged half-life and decreased risk of methemoglobinemia. In a canine model of acute hypoxia-induced PH we evaluated the effects of inhaled nitrate to reduce pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). In a randomized controlled trial, inhaled nitrate was compared to inhaled nitrite and inhaled saline. Exhaled NO, PAP and systemic blood pressures were continuously monitored. Inhaled nitrite significantly decreased PAP and increased exhaled NO. In contrast, inhaled nitrate and inhaled saline did not decrease PAP or increase exhaled NO. Unexpectedly, we found that inhaled nitrite resulted in prolonged (>5 h) exhaled NO release, increase in nitrate venous/arterial levels and a late surge in venous nitrite levels. These findings do not support a therapeutic role for inhaled nitrate in PH but may have therapeutic implications for inhaled nitrite in various disease states.