Abstract
In the 1930s the first orbital motorways were planned around cities such as Berlin, Munich and London. It took a long time to complete these orbital motorways and some of them were never completed. As Hall (1990) indicates, the major reason for the planning of the European orbital motorways was not just the desire to remove traffic congestion. At that time roads were not yet very congested in Europe. Other incentives to build orbital motorways were the desire to reveal and reinforce the organic spatial structure of cities and make monumental artifacts which could serve nationalistic purposes.
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