Abstract
This chapter describes three spectroscopic techniques for studying molecular orientation in polymers. The techniques have in common the fact that they use polarized electromagnetic radiation, but they differ in other significant ways which makes each of them valuable for particular kinds of studies. The principles of the techniques will be outlined in this section, and the following sections will describe the relevant theory, experimental details and a selection of the results obtained. All three methods are suitable only for materials of good optical quality, i.e. material~ which do not appreciably scatter the radiation that passes through them. Fortunately, many polymer samples are of sufficiently good optical quality in this sense.
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