Infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy studies of aprotic condensation of (EtO)3Si[sbnd]R[sbnd]Si(OEt)3 and R[sbnd]Si(OEt)3 systems with carboxylic acids

Abstract

Aprotic hydrolysis and condensation reactions of bis end-capped trialkoxysilanes ((EtO)3SiRSi(OEt)3), linked via the organic chain R containing urea groups chemically bonded to a poly(propyleneglycol) (PPG) chain, in the presence of carboxylic acids, i.e. acetic-, chlorodifluoroacetic- and trifluoroacetic acids, were studied using infrared attenuated total reflection (IR ATR) spectroscopy. IR and 29Si NMR spectral analysis revealed solvolysis reactions: the carboxylic acids interacted with ethoxysilane groups forming silyl esters leading to the formation of bridging SiOSi groups and carboxylic acid ester by-products. These results were compared with those obtained on simpler single capped methyltriethoxysilane (MeSi(OEt)3, MTEOS) condensed with trifluoroacetic acid. Gelation of (EtO)3SiRSi(OEt)3 (catalyzed with acetic acid) encapsulated between a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass and a conductive and IR transparent silicon wafer was followed with the help of IR reflection–absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that aprotic solvolysis of the hybrid precursor with acetic acid led to the formation of non-aqueous gels with low silanol content, confirming the advantages of aprotic solvolysis of organic–inorganic hybrids used as redox electrolytes in hybrid electrochromic (EC) and dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical (DSPEC) cells. Some comments regarding the accuracy of IR ATR spectral measurements compared to IR transmission spectra are also given.