Abstract
Four versatile focal plane instruments made ESA's Infrared Space Observatory capable of analysing the long wavelength radiation emitted by the cold and optically hidden universe. The instruments were operated at 1.8 to 3 K and were all equipped with numerous mechanisms, drives and sensor electronics. All systems worked until the end of the mission, which gave a wealth of scientific data for 29 months—11 months longer than anticipated. The early scientific highlights of the mission include contributions to the earliest stages of star formation, the star formation history in the universe and the discovery of the ubiquitous presence of water. Future cooled space observatories will follow up ISO's scientific findings from the data analysis ongoing for the next few years and they will apply many of the technical innovations of this mission.
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