Infra-slow fluctuations in cortical potentials and respiration drive fast cortical EEG rhythms in sleeping and waking states

Abstract

ObjectiveInfra-slow fluctuations (ISF, 0.008–0.1 Hz) characterize hemodynamic and electric potential signals of human brain. ISFs correlate with the amplitude dynamics of fast (>1 Hz) neuronal oscillations, and may arise from permeability fluctuations of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). It is unclear if physiological rhythms like respiration drive or track fast cortical oscillations, and the role of sleep in this coupling is unknown. MethodsWe used high-density full-band electroencephalography (EEG) in healthy human volunteers (N = 21) to measure concurrently the ISFs, respiratory pulsations, and fast neuronal oscillations during periods of wakefulness and sleep, and to assess the strength and direction of their phase-amplitude coupling. ResultsThe phases of ISFs and respiration were both coupled with the amplitude of fast neuronal oscillations, with stronger ISF coupling being evident during sleep. Phases of ISF and respiration drove the amplitude dynamics of fast oscillations in sleeping and waking states, with different contributions. ConclusionsISFs in slow cortical potentials and respiration together significantly determine the dynamics of fast cortical oscillations. SignificanceWe propose that these slow physiological phases play a significant role in coordinating cortical excitability, which is a fundamental aspect of brain function.