Informed DEcision for cerebrospinal fluid analysis after epiLeptic seizures- the IDEAL-score: A development and validation study

Abstract

BackgroundThis observational study was done to develop a score based on clinical predictors that enables a guided decision for the necessity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis after first unprovoked epileptic seizures and to validate this score in a retrospective patient cohort. MethodsClinical predictors were identified by two panels of epilepsy experts and selected according to content validity ratios. Based on these predictors a score was created and applied to a cohort of patients with first epileptic seizures. ResultsThe “IDEAL score” consists of 9 items (fever, prolonged disturbance of consciousness, headache, imaging results, cognitive dysfunction, status epilepticus, malignancy, autoimmune encephalitis symptoms) that are collected at two different time points (< 3 h [A-score]; > 3 h [B-score] after hospital admittance). A CSF analysis is recommended, if at least one clinical finding is present, either one of the items evaluated during the acute phase (A-score) or later in the diagnostic process (B-score). In 41 patients (13%) CSF analysis provided essential clues to the cause of the seizure. The combined IDEAL score reached a sensitivity of 98%, a specificity of 53%, a positive predictive value of 24% and a negative predictive value of 99% in this patient cohort. ConclusionsA CSF analysis after first epileptic seizures provided decisive etiological findings in only 13% of all investigated patients. The IDEAL score offers clinicians a simple and easy-to-implement algorithm to assess the necessity of a CSF analysis, and to prevent unnecessary diagnostic procedures.