Abstract
A unified theory of image formation in transmission electron microscopy is outlined, combining the concepts of quantum theory with those of optical transfer theory. Fixed-beam and scanning transmission electron microscopes are treated as special cases of a more general transfer system. Partially coherent conditions are assumed for both the illuminating and recording parts of the microscope. Incorporation of the object is described by a mutual dynamic object spectrum, which allows consideration of arbitrary objects. The properties of this spectrum are discussed in detail, and analytical expressions are obtained by employing either the Born or a modified phase object approximation. Both approaches include the contribution of inelastically scattered electrons to the image. Consideration of these electrons necessitates a significant modification of the standard optical transfer theory. For weak objects the perfect inelastic image represents the variance of the projected (time-dependent) object potential.
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