Abstract
The nonverbal transmission of information between social animals is a primary driving force behind their actions and, therefore, an important quantity to measure in animal behavior studies. Despite its key role in social behavior, the flow of information has only been inferred by correlating the actions of individuals with a simplifying assumption of linearity. In this paper, we leverage information-theoretic tools to relax this assumption. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we focus on a robotics-based experimental paradigm, which affords consistent and controllable delivery of visual stimuli to zebrafish. Specifically, we use a robotic arm to maneuver a life-sized replica of a zebrafish in a predetermined trajectory as it interacts with a focal subject in a test tank. We track the fish and the replica through time and use the resulting trajectory data to measure the transfer entropy between the replica and the focal subject, which, in turn, is used to quantify one-directional information flow from the robot to the fish. In agreement with our expectations, we find that the information flow from the replica to the zebrafish is significantly more than the other way around. Notably, such information is specifically related to the response of the fish to the replica, whereby we observe that the information flow is reduced significantly if the motion of the replica is randomly delayed in a surrogate dataset. In addition, comparison with a control experiment, where the replica is replaced by a conspecific, shows that the information flow toward the focal fish is significantly more for a robotic than a live stimulus. These findings support the reliability of using transfer entropy as a measure of information flow, while providing indirect evidence for the efficacy of a robotics-based platform in animal behavioral studies.
Highlights
Animals interact with a large number of sources in their environment through multiple senses, while adapting their behavior in response to a few important cues [1]
We found that the transfer entropy from the focal fish to the replica TE fish→replica was significantly less than from the replica to the fish TE replica→fish (p = 0.007, F1,9 = 9.127)
With respect to the surrogate dataset, we found that the transfer entropy from the simulated replica to the fish was significantly less than the transfer entropy from the replica to the focal subject (TE surrogate→fish = 0.25 ± 0.08 bits; p < 0.001, F1,17 = 40.99)
Summary
Animals interact with a large number of sources in their environment through multiple senses, while adapting their behavior in response to a few important cues [1]. In social organisms that move in groups, it has been shown that the actions of a few nearest neighbors contribute largely to such cues [2] In this respect, determining the flow of information between interacting individuals can reveal how they prioritize sensory modalities [3], infer the directionality of information flow [4,5,6], quantify leadership roles in animal groups [7], and determine the effectiveness of engineered stimuli in the laboratory studies [8,9,10]. Information flow measured in this sense is able to highlight nonlinear relationships between coupled systems over large interaction delays, a major advantage over correlation-based methods that assume linearity [18]. This has resulted in a multitude of applications of information-theoretic tools ranging from neuroscience [19], to structure health monitoring [20], financial time series analysis [21] and weather forecasting [22]
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