Abstract
BackgroundInfluenza is a global infectious disease with a large burden of illness and high healthcare costs. Those who experience greater burden of disease include younger and older people, and pregnant women. Although there are known age and sex susceptibilities, little is known about how the interaction of age and sex may affect a population’s vulnerability to infection with different subtypes of influenza virus.MethodsLaboratory-confirmed cases of influenza notified between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2015 obtained from the Australian Government National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System Influenza Public Data Set were analysed by age, sex and virus subtype. Age standardised notification rates per 100,000 population were calculated separately for females and males and used to generate female-to-male ratios with 95% confidence intervals for influenza A and B, and for virus subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2).Results334,560 notifications for influenza A (all notifications), A(H1N1)pmd09, A(H3N2) and B subtypes from a total of 335,414 influenza notifications were analysed. Male notification rates were significantly higher for the 0 to 4 years old age group regardless of virus type or subtype; and higher for those aged 0 to 14 years and those 85 years and older for influenza types A and B and subtype A(H1N1)pdm09. Female notification rates were significantly higher for A(H1N1)pdm09 in those aged 15 to 54 years, for Type A and sub-type A(H3N2) in those aged 15 to 69 years, and for Influenza B in those aged 20 to 74 years.ConclusionsWe observed a female dominance in notification rates throughout the adult age groups, which could possibly be related to health seeking behaviours. However, differences in health seeking behaviours cannot explain the variations observed across virus subtypes in the particular age groups with higher female notifications. Depending on their age, females may be more susceptible to certain subtypes of influenza virus. These observations suggest that there is an interaction between age and sex on susceptibility to influenza infection which varies by the subtype of the virus. The inclusion of pregnancy and menopausal status in surveillance data may assist development of targeted public health approaches during the emergence of new subtypes of influenza virus. Targeted vaccination campaigns may need to take into consideration specific age and sex groups who have a greater susceptibility to influenza infection as well as those who experience a greater burden of illness.
Highlights
Influenza is a global infectious disease with a large burden of illness and high healthcare costs
The sex distribution varied by virus subtype (female: 52.0% A(H1N1 pdm09), 54.5% A(H3N2) and 52.6% influenza B, p < 0.001) as did the age distribution (29 years or younger: 59.6% A(H1N1)pdm09, 41.3% A(H3N2) and 56.1% influenza B, p < 0.001)
We found higher notification rates in females between the ages 20 and 54 years, regardless of the type or subtype of influenza, which may suggest that females in these age groups are more susceptible to influenza infection
Summary
Influenza is a global infectious disease with a large burden of illness and high healthcare costs. Those who experience greater burden of disease include younger and older people, and pregnant women. The burden is greatest for those at risk of influenza related complications i.e. younger and older people and women who are pregnant or post-partum [1, 4]. These observations allude to the presence of age and sex differences in influenza infections. They note that variations by sex and virus subtype across countries remain to be resolved
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