Abstract
Annually, influenza A virus (IAV) infects ~5–10% of adults and 20–30% of children worldwide. The primary resource to protect against infection is by vaccination. However, vaccination only induces strain-specific and transient immunity. Vaccine strategies that induce cross-protective immunity against the broad diversity of IAV are needed. Here we developed and tested a novel mosaic H1 HA immunogen. The mosaic immunogen was optimized in silico to include the most potential B and T cell epitopes (PBTE) across a diverse population of human H1 IAV. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the mosaic HA localizes towards the non-pandemic 2009 strains which encompasses the broadest diversity in the H1 IAV population. We compared the mosaic H1 immunogen to wild-type HA immunogens and the commercial inactivated influenza vaccine, Fluzone. When analyzed by ELISA, the mosaic immunogen induced stronger antibody responses against all four diverse H1 HA proteins. When analyzing T cell responses, again the mosaic immunogen induced stronger cellular immunity against all 4 diverse HA strains. Not only was the magnitude of T cell responses strongest in mosaic immunized mice, the number of epitopes recognized was also greater. The mosaic vaccinated mice showed strong cross-protection against challenges with three divergent IAV strains. These data show that the mosaic immunogen induces strong cross-protective immunity and should be investigated further as a universal influenza vaccine.
Highlights
Influenza A virus (IAV) infects ~5–10% of adults and 20–30% of children worldwide, resulting in up to 650,000 deaths each year [1,2,3]
The mosaic vaccinated mice showed strong cross-protection against challenges with three divergent influenza A virus (IAV) strains. These data show that the mosaic immunogen induces strong cross-protective immunity and should be investigated further as a universal influenza vaccine
We submitted all 6908 unique full-length human H1 HA to the Mosaic Vaccine Designer server in order to predict an immunogen with the most potential B and T cell epitopes (PBTE) [31]
Summary
Influenza A virus (IAV) infects ~5–10% of adults and 20–30% of children worldwide, resulting in up to 650,000 deaths each year [1,2,3]. The ability of IAV to mutate, reassort, and infect multiple hosts results in a diverse viral population that causes annual epidemics and occasionally pandemic outbreaks. One of the most prominent examples is the 2009 influenza pandemic (Pdm). A triple reassorted swine, avian, and human H1N1 influenza virus infected 24% of the global population [4,5]. Over the past decade, licensed seasonal influenza vaccines have shown variable efficacy (10–60%) and limited cross-protection against drifted IAV strains [8,9]. There is an urgent need for better vaccine strategies that will protect against the diverse influenza virus population
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