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Abstract
Because all known influenza A subtypes exist in the aquatic bird reservoir, influenza is not an eradicable disease; prevention and control are the only realistic goals. If people, pigs, and aquatic birds are the principal variables associated with interspecies transfer of influenza virus and the emergence of new human pandemic strains, influenza surveillance in these species is indicated. Live-bird markets housing a wide variety of avian species together (chickens, ducks, geese, pigeon, turkeys, pheasants, guinea fowl), occasionally with pigs, for sale directly to the public provide outstanding conditions for genetic mixing and spreading of influenza viruses; therefore, these birds should be monitored for influenza viruses. Moreover, if pigs are the mixing vessel for influenza viruses, surveillance in this population may also provide an early warning system for humans.
Highlights
Despite our increasing knowledge of the role of patient race/ethnicity in drug prescribing practice for specific conditions, how or whether these specific effects translate into overall antimicrobial drug use by race/ethnicity remains unclear. We address this gap in knowledge by describing the extent of racial/ethnic disparities in overall antimicrobial drug prescription fill rates in the United States
We found a large disparity in antimicrobial drug fill rates by race/ethnicity: white persons reported making twice as many antimicrobial drug prescription fills as persons who were not white
The survey measures reported antimicrobial drug fills and not actual use [8]; the fill rates we report are substantially lower than those measured by others using sales data [1] or other national surveys [9]
Summary
We aimed to accurately map current and new BU-endemic areas and compare and contrast the changing incidence in these locations, to document disease severity and associate this with diagnostic delay, and to identify times of increased transmission risk. We aimed to clarify year-to-year changes in capsular serotypes, genotypes of penicillin and macrolide resistance, and diversity of sequence types (STs) in all pneumococcal isolates collected throughout Japan during April 2010–March 2017. We aimed to explore the genetic relationships of the 2015 and 2016 isolates from CAR with this reported population structure of NmW/cc. We aimed to estimate the influenza-associated severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) hospitalization using the methods recommended by the World Health Organization (5)
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