Influencing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for the Removal of Ismate Violet 2R Dye from Wastewater: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies

Khamael M Abualnaja,Abdallah Tageldein Mansour,Ahmed E Alprol,Mohamed Ashour

doi:10.3390/app11114786

Abstract

In this study, a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was synthesized and used as an adsorbent for the removal of Ismate violet 2R dye from contaminated water. The morphology and structure of the synthesized adsorbent were examined via the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The effects of an MWCNT on the removal of IV2R were examined via a batch method using different factors such as pH, agitation time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and initial dye concentration. The results showed that, at the acidic pH 4, 0.08 g of an MWCNT with 10 mg L−1 at 120 min realized the favorable removal of IV2R dye using an MWCNT. Under these operation conditions, the maximum elimination efficiency for real wastewater reached 88.2%. This process benefits from the ability to remove a large amount of dye (approximately 85.9%) in as short as 10 min using 0.005 g of MWCNTs. Moreover, the investigational isotherm data were examined by different models. The equations of error functions were used in the isotherm model to show the most appropriate isotherm model. The highest adsorption capacity for the removal of the dye was 76.92 mg g−1 for the MWCNT. Moreover, the regression data indicated that the adsorption kinetics were appropriate with a pseudo-second order and an R2 of 0.999. The thermodynamic study showed that the removal of IV2R is an endothermic, spontaneous, and chemisorption process. The MWCNT compound appears to be a new, promising adsorbent in water treatment, with 91.71% regeneration after three cycles.

Highlights

Aquatic pollution by industrial wastewater is a threat to human and marine lives and is a major environmental problem [1]
This method can be scaled up to prepare, purify, and functionalize multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) according to Mohammed et al [26] and Bahgat et al [27], who reported the synthesis of MWCNTs via the following steps: 2 g of the supporting catalyst was injected into an alumina boat and displayed on a cylindrical quartz tube fitted inside a furnace at 600 ◦ C, and the catalyst was heated in the presence of N2 gas for 10 min with a rate of 90 mL min−1
Regardless, the results revealed that MWCNTs adsorbents can be successfully used as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Ismate violet 2R (IV2R) dye from aqueous mixtures and wastewater

Summary

Introduction

Aquatic pollution by industrial wastewater is a threat to human and marine lives and is a major environmental problem [1]. Various treatment methods are applied to remove color effluents and organic pollutants from wastewater, such as ion-exchange, ozonation, chemical reaction, membrane separation, filtration, adsorption, coagulation, electrodialysis, flocculation, photocatalytic degradation, reverse osmosis, and biological degradation, as well as immobilization methods [4,7,8,9,10]. These techniques have numerous disadvantages, such as chemical requirements, high energy, and low efficiency, and generally produce large quantities of sludge [11]. There have been improvements in several color effluent treatment technologies, the development of an effective, economic, and rapid water method at a trading level is still a defying problem

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