Influences of organic debris and rice root on the nitrogen fixation in the submerged soil

Abstract

Abstract A series of experiments has been conducted on the N2 fixation in the paddy soils by the authors (1–4). The amount of organic substrates for microorganisms and the degree of reduction of the soil are found to be two major factors affecting the N2-fixing activity of the heterotrophic microorganisms in the submerged soil. Organic debris, rice root and their neighboring soils are identified to be the important micro-sites for the heterotrophic N2 fixers. The organic debris and the rice root are considered to play dual roles by supplying the organic substances; (1) increase of the population of the heterotrophic N2 fixers—the amount of nitrogenase, (2) preparation of the reduced conditions favorable for the nitrogenase activity. However, it is not yet clearly known which of these two roles of the organic substrates is more essential to the N2-fixing activity in the paddy soil. In addition, it is expected that there must be some differences between the organic debris and rice root in their contribution to the N2 fixation in the paddy soil. An experiment was carried out to clarify these problems. Moist soil sample was collected from the plough layer of the paddy field at Central Agric. Exp. Sta. in Konosu City, Saitama Pref., passed through a 5 mm sieve and placed in pots (3 kg moist soil/pot). Ammonium sulfate, calcium superphosphate, and potassium chloride at the rate of 0.4-0.4-0.4 (N-P2O5-K20) g/pot were incorporated into the soil 7 days before transplanting. Split application of ammonium sulfate at the rates of 0.2 and 0.4 g N/pot were also incorporated at 30 and 41 days after transplanting respectively. These pots were divided into three series; planted (P-series), non-planted (N-series), and non-planted and applied with organic manure (O-series). In case of O-series, 60 g of fairly rotted organic manure was applied to each pot. Each pot of P-series was planted with two 4O-day-old seedlings of rice plant at 7 days after submergence. The Nseries was regarded as a control. Each series was not replicated in this preliminary experiment.