Abstract
Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) is a premium fragrant rice variety and is widely grown in Thung Kula Rong Hai (TKR), northeast Thailand. In the present study, the influence of organic and conventional rice farming (ORF and CRF, respectively) in TKR farmers’ paddy fields on soil properties and their relationship with 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in KDML105 rice grains were investigated. The results indicated that the ORF system had a strong positive effect on major soil quality indicators and the 2AP content in the rice grains. The soil organic matter (SOM) was approximately twice as much in the ORF than in the CRF system, thus leading to much higher total nitrogen (TN), humic acid (HA), and microbial populations in the ORF system. The higher SOM in the ORF system not only enhanced the soil quality indicators but also contributed to approximately 3.5 times higher 2AP than in the CRF system. Principle component analysis indicated a close correlation among SOM, TN, HA, and microbial population under the ORF system; these variables exhibited strong correlations with the 2AP contents in KDML105 rice grains.
Highlights
Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) is a premium fragrant rice variety and is widely grown in ung Kula Rong Hai (TKR), northeast ailand
Eighteen farmers’ rain-fed paddy fields in the ung Kula Rong Hai (TKR) and neighbouring areas of Surin and Yasothon provinces, well-known rice growing areas, were selected for soil and rice grain sampling. e organic rice farming (ORF) paddy fields have been registered as organic for around 5 years. e rice in conventional rice farming (CRF) paddy fields has been cultivated for 15 years. e ORF was maintained under the ai Organic Agricultural Standard (TAS 9000–2009) with the application of composted manure (625 kg ha−1) and green manures. e CRF was practiced under the ai Agricultural Standard (TAS 4400–2009) with the application of chemical fertilizers: 46-00 (93.8 kg ha−1) and 16-16-8 (156.2 kg ha−1)
Most of the soils in the study area (72%) had a sandy texture (Figure 2). e soil texture of the rest of the locations ranged from loam to silt loam. e sand, silt, and clay percentages under the same soil texture were similar in the two farming practices (ORF and CRF) (Figure 2)
Summary
Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) is a premium fragrant rice variety and is widely grown in ung Kula Rong Hai (TKR), northeast ailand. The influence of organic and conventional rice farming (ORF and CRF, respectively) in TKR farmers’ paddy fields on soil properties and their relationship with 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in KDML105 rice grains were investigated. The KDML105 rice variety is widely grown throughout ailand, at present, the most premium quality of the variety in terms of unique aroma and 2AP quantity is produced in the ung Kula Rong Hai (TKR) area. High total soil N increases the 2AP content in grains [10] Some micronutrients such as Mn, Si, and Zn appear to be related to 2AP levels in aromatic rice [11]
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