Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms associated by their toxins have been increasing in frequency in fresh water bodies throughout the world. Among the cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins (MC) are the most common and cause severe adverse impacts on plants, aquatic organisms and human beings. In this study, the effects of MC (at the concentrations of 20 and 200 μg·L-1) from field water and crude extract of cyanobacterial scum (mainly Microcystis spp.) from the Dau Tieng Reservoir, Vietnam, on the seedlings of three plants, Brassica rapa-chinensis, B. narinosa and Nasturtium officinale, were investigated for over a period of 7 days. The results showed that MC reduced the fresh weight, root and shoot length of the exposed seedlings. In addition, abnormalities of leaf shape and color of B. rapa-chinensis under exposure to MC were observed. The results implied that MC were taken up and might be accumulated in the seedlings possessing potential risk to consumers as seedlings of these plants are a common food source for Vietnamese. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of MC on B. rapa-chinensis, B. narinosa and N. officinale.
Highlights
In water bodies, microcystins (MC) have been the most commonly reported cyanobacterial toxins compared to other cyanotoxins (e.g. cylindrospermopsin, nodularin, saxitoxins, anatoxin-a(s), anatoxin-a) [1]
The aim of this study is to observe the detrimental effects of MC from field water and cyanobacterial crude extract obtained from Dau Tieng Reservoir, Vietnam, at the environmentally relevant concentrations (20 and 200 μg·L−1) on the seedlings of three different plants B. rapa-chinensis, B. narinosa and N. officinale over 7 days
The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the cyanobacterial crude extract and field water contained MC-RR, MC-YR and MC-LR (Figure 1) at the total concentrations of 686.9 μg MC-LReq. g−1 dry weight and 1069.2 μg MC-LReq
Summary
Microcystins (MC) have been the most commonly reported cyanobacterial toxins compared to other cyanotoxins (e.g. cylindrospermopsin, nodularin, saxitoxins, anatoxin-a(s), anatoxin-a) [1]. The uptake and metabolism of MC-LR in stems, rhizomes and leaves of aquatic macrophytes were reported with the MC-LR concentrations being highest in leaves, followed by shoots and lowest in stems [2,3]. Other plants such as broccoli, mustard and duckweed are able to accumulate MC in their leaves and bark protein, and whole plant up to 8.7 ng MC g−1 fresh weight (FW) after exposure [4,5,6]. Microcystis aeruginosa containing MC-LR can be retained by salad letture (Lactuca sativa) after spraying with irrigation water containing the cyanobacterium [7]
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