Abstract
Handwriting disorders (HD) are considered one of the major public health problems among school-aged children worldwide with significant interference on academic performances. The current study hypothesized that HD could be partly explained by a deficit in sensory feedback processing during handwriting. To explore this hypothesis, we have analyzed the effect of vision suppression on postural-gestural and on spatial/temporal/kinematic organization of drawing during an early pre-scriptural loop task with a digital pen, under two conditions: eyes open and eyes closed. Data collected from 35 children with HD were compared to data collected from typical children (typical group) from primary schools. The HD group showed significantly poorer postural control and an improvement on the spatial/temporal/kinematic organization of drawings when they closed their eyes compared to eyes opened. While in the typical group, postural-gestural organization became significantly more mature but there was no significant influence found on spatial/temporal/kinematic parameters of the loops. Thus, handwriting disorders could be explained by both proprioceptive/kinesthetic feedback disabilities and a disruptive effect of the visual control on the quality of the pre-scriptural drawings among these children who have kinesthetic memory and visuospatial disabilities. The ability of directing the strokes would remain dependent on sensory feedbacks, themselves insufficiently efficient, which would lead to difficulties in reaching a proactive control of handwriting. This current research is a liable contribution to enhance clinical practice, useful in clinical decision-making processes for handwriting disorders remediation.
Highlights
Handwriting disorders (HD) are considered one of the major public health problems among schoolaged children worldwide with significant interference on academic performances
At around 8–9 years of age, the child begins to integrate the shape of the letters into long-term memory and to automate the trajectories of the letters, their execution and gestural control are dependent on both sensory feedback and the internal representation of the movement[5], using a more mature scheme of the postural and segmental and articular organization of the writing a rm[10,11]
From the age of 9–10 years, the size of the strokes progressively increases and the gesture is less dependent on the visual control resulting from an internal representation of the movement
Summary
Handwriting disorders (HD) are considered one of the major public health problems among schoolaged children worldwide with significant interference on academic performances. The current study hypothesized that HD could be partly explained by a deficit in sensory feedback processing during handwriting To explore this hypothesis, we have analyzed the effect of vision suppression on postural-gestural and on spatial/temporal/kinematic organization of drawing during an early prescriptural loop task with a digital pen, under two conditions: eyes open and eyes closed. At around 8–9 years of age, the child begins to integrate the shape of the letters into long-term memory and to automate the trajectories of the letters, their execution and gestural control are dependent on both sensory feedback and the internal representation of the movement[5], using a more mature scheme of the postural and segmental and articular organization of the writing a rm[10,11]. We can hypothesize that, in the case of the child who draws or writes by hand, the suppression of vision could lead to kinesthetic compensation to control the graphomotor gesture
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