Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of manipulating video speeds on visual behavior and decision accuracy of 10 amateur football assistant referees (ARs) when perceived video sequences of 24 possible offside actions on a large screen. An eye tracker was used to analyze participants’ visual behaviors. Signal detection analysis provided further detail of participants’ decision-level accuracy. Participants were required to decide when they perceived a player to be offside during observed sequences with different video speed manipulations (Normal speed, 2 speed, and 3 speed). Results revealed that the manipulation of video speed did not attune emergent gaze patterns differently because participants displayed similar visual behaviors, regardless of speed. However, the normal speed resulted in a higher percentage of correct decisions than the 3 speed. Participants tended toward non-flagging decision bias errors when judging offsides with the 3 speed because they made more misses, than false alarms.
Highlights
Sport officials must interpret and correctly enforce the rules of each sport to maintain fairness and players’ safety, and to achieve high performance in judging and making decisions about ambiguous performance situations (Bar-Eli et al, 2011)
In the 3 speed, the assistant referees (ARs) achieved the highest number of correct rejections in correct decisions, compared to the other video speed manipulations
We investigated the impact of different video speeds on the visual behavior and decision accuracy of amateur ARs while judged a video sequence of offside events in football
Summary
Sport officials must interpret and correctly enforce the rules of each sport to maintain fairness and players’ safety, and to achieve high performance in judging and making decisions about ambiguous performance situations (Bar-Eli et al, 2011). Expert judgments in sports need effective perceptual strategies to achieve improvements in the process of decision-making and anticipation (Williams and Ward, 2007). In football, Williams (2000) argued that the players displayed different perceptual strategies in 11 × 11, 2 × 2, and 3 × 3 situations because of the task nature constrained the visual strategy used. Vaeyens et al (2007) concluded that the number of players playing the reduced game situation influenced the visual behavior and decisions. They showed that the experts made better decisions and a visual search strategy more adapted to the task constraints than the novels
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