Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how vehicle speed influences the characteristics of driver’s eye movement at highway tunnel entrances during day and night. In this study, six drivers’ eye movement data (from 200 m before tunnel entrance to 200 m inside tunnel entrance) under five predetermined vehicle speeds (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 km/h) in the daytime and three predetermined vehicle speeds (40, 60 and 80 km/h) in the nighttime were recorded using the non-intrusive Dikablis Professional eye-tracking system. Pupil size, the average fixation duration time and the average number of fixation were analyzed and then the influence of the vehicle speed on these parameters was evaluated by means of IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. The results for pupil size in daytime increased when approaching the tunnel entrance, while as for nighttime, pupil size decreased when approaching the tunnel entrance and then increased after entering the tunnel. The pupil size in daytime has a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed, while the pupil size in nighttime did not show a significant association with vehicle speed. Furthermore, the average fixation duration in daytime increased when entering the tunnel, and had a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. Also, the average number of fixations in daytime decreased when entering the tunnel and has a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. However, the average fixation duration and the average number of fixations in nighttime did not show any significant association with vehicle speed. Moreover, limitations and future directions of the study are discussed for the further investigation.
Highlights
Underground road tunnels have been undergoing rapid development to relieve the pressure on ground transportation and to create new road networks [1]
The IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software was used in this paper to find the relationships between eye movement parameters, vehicle speed and the distance to the tunnel entrance
The findings in this study showed that drivers’ pupil size changed slightly when approaching the tunnel entrance in the daytime, but had a sudden increase after entering the tunnel
Summary
Underground road tunnels have been undergoing rapid development to relieve the pressure on ground transportation and to create new road networks [1]. A highway tunnel is a semi-enclosed space because of its special tubular structure [4,5]. This characteristic of a tunnel leads to a changing process of “bright-dark-bright” when drivers enter the tunnel from the external environment during daytime and vision adaptation lagging phenomenon after entering the tunnel [6,7,8]. This changing process and associated phenomenon directly affect
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