Influence of Upcycled Post-Treatment Bark Biomass Addition to the Binder on Produced Plywood Properties

Abstract

The valorization of tree bark through chemical treatment into valuable products, such as bark acid, leads to the formation of process residues with a high solids content. Since they are of natural origin and are able to be suspended in water and acid, research was carried out on the recycling of suberic acid residues (SAR) as a bi-functional component of binder mixtures in the production of plywood. The 5%–20% (5%–30% for curing time) mass content of SAR has been investigated with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin of about 66% of dry content. The results show that the curing time of the bonding mixture can be reduced to about 38% and 10%, respectively, for hot and cold curing, of the initial curing time for the lowest SAR content. The decreasing curing time of the tested binder mixtures with the increase in SAR content was caused by the increasing amount of acidic filler, since amine resins as UF require acidification hardening, and the curing dynamics are strongly dependent, among others, on the content of the acid medium (curing agent). In the case of hot curing, a SAR content of about 20% allowed us to achieve the curing time of bonding mass with an industrial hardener. Investigations into the mechanical properties of examined panels showed a significant modulus of elasticity (MOE) increase with filler content increase. Similar conclusions can be drawn when analyzing the results of the modulus of rupture (MOR) investigations; however, these were only significant regarding hot-pressed samples. The shear strength of the plywood samples increased with the SAR rise for both cold- and hot-pressed panels. The in-wood damage of samples with SAR filler, hot-pressed, rose up to about 30% for the highest SAR filler content. For cold-pressed samples, no in-wood damage was found. The positive effect of veneer impregnation limiter by resin was identified for SAR acting as a filler. Moreover, a higher density of SAR-containing bonding lines was reached for hot-pressed panels. Therefore, the results confirmed the ability to use the SAR as an upcycled component of the bonding mixture for plywood production.