Abstract
The increasing demand for titanium and its alloys used for implants results in the need for innovative surface treatments that may both increase corrosion resistance and biocompatibility and demonstrate antibacterial protection at no cytotoxicity. The purpose of this research was to characterize the effect of two-stage anodization—performed for 30 min in phosphoric acid—in the presence of hydrofluoric acid in the second stage. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, nanoindentation and nano-scratch tests, potentiodynamic corrosion studies, and water contact angle measurements were performed to characterize microstructure, mechanical, chemical and physical properties. The biologic examinations were carried out to determine the cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects of oxide coatings. The research results demonstrate that two-stage oxidation affects several features and, in particular, improves mechanical and chemical behavior. The processes influencing the formation and properties of the oxide coating are discussed.
Highlights
Titanium and its alloys—due to their mechanical properties—excellent corrosion resistance, and a high strength/density ratio, are nowadays the most appropriate materials for load-bearing implants and biomedical materials [1,2] used, e.g., in arthroplasty [2,3], as dental implants [4,5,6] and dental prostheses [7]
The oxide coatings obtained after EO2 treatment and EO1 + EO2 modification were matt-gray as expected for nanotubular layers
The two-stage oxidation could result in the bi-layer (“sandwich” layer) oxide coating as shown in [47] in which the alloy was subjected to gaseous oxidation and to the electrochemical oxidation
Summary
Titanium and its alloys—due to their mechanical properties—excellent corrosion resistance, and a high strength/density ratio, are nowadays the most appropriate materials for load-bearing implants and biomedical materials [1,2] used, e.g., in arthroplasty [2,3], as dental implants [4,5,6] and dental prostheses [7]. Adhesion of the cells has been shown better on rough than on smooth surface [17,18] Such surface characteristics may be achieved by the laser treatment [19,20], surface mechanical attrition [21,22], acid etching [23,24], deposition of phosphate [25,26,27,28,29] and composite coatings [30,31,32]. The oxidation remains essential as it can either form nanotubular oxide structures or rough oxide surfaces, enhancing the adhesion of osteoblasts, if alone, and deposition of coatings, if used as an interlayer
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