Abstract
Canonical analysis was applied to examine association between parasitism rates of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Tortricidae), and tree species composition and density. No statistically significant association was evident between parasitism rates by the early larval parasitoids Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck (Braconidae) and Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Ichoeumonidae) and the density of 13 species of trees. Such association is masked by redistribution of spruce budworm larvae following attack by these two species of parasitoids. A statistically significant association was shown for pupal tachinid parasitoids including Actia interrupta Curran, Aplomya caesar (Aldrich), Phyrxe pecosensis (Townsend), and Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Ichneumonidae). A strong negative correlation was shown for these species with densities of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Miller, spruces, Picea spp., hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., and beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Tree species influence where these parasitoids search, but when tree density increases, regardless of the species, parasitism rates decrease. Tree species density and composition apparently does not influence parasitism by the larval parasitoid Meteorus trachynotus Viereck (Braconidae) or the pupal parasitoid Ephialtes ontario (Cresson) (Ichoeumonidae).
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