Influence of trace elements mixture on bacterial diversity and fermentation characteristics of liquid diet fermented with probiotics under air-tight condition.

Yuyong He,Xiaolan Liu,Zhiyu Chen,Wei Lu,Chengwei Wang,Ramona Natacha Pena I Subirà

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114218

Yuyong He, Xiaolan Liu + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114218

Copy DOI

Abstract

Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− are often supplemented to the diet of suckling and early weaning piglets, but little information is available regarding the effects of different Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− mixtures on bacteria growth, diversity and fermentation characteristics of fermented liquid diet for piglets. Pyrosequencing was performed to investigate the effect of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− mixtures on the diversity, growth and fermentation characteristics of bacteria in the liquid diet fermented with Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis under air-tight condition. Results showed that the mixtures of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− at different concentrations promoted Bacillus growth, increased bacterial diversity and lactic acid production and lowered pH to about 5. The importance of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− is different for Bacillus growth with the order Zn2+> Fe2+>Cu2+> I− in a 21-d fermentation and Cu2+>I−>Fe2+>Zn2+ in a 42-d fermentation. Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− is recommended at a level of 150, 60, 150 and 0.6 mg/kg respectively for the production of fermented liquid diet with Bacillus subtilis. The findings improve our understanding of the influence of trace elements on liquid diet fermentation with probiotics and support the proper use of trace elements in the production of fermented liquid diet for piglets.

Highlights

Feeding animals a non-liquid diet with probiotics can improve their intestinal health [1,2,3,4,5,6] and performance [7,8,9], especially with a desirable fermented liquid diet, because it can offer animals more beneficial bioactive substances including lactic acid [10, 11]
The purpose of this study was, to investigate the effect of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I2 mixtures at different concentrations on the diversity, growth and fermentation characteristics of bacteria in the liquid diet fermented with probiotics under air-tight condition, and to produce high quality fermented liquid diet with the proper use of trace elements
In order to gelatinize corn starch and sterilize some undesirable microorganism, liquid diet which inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis was packed with plastic bag, put into a box and heated with steam at 80 ̊C for 30 minutes prior to fermentation, data in Figure 3 indicated that the relative abundance of Bacillus in all treatments on day 21 and 42 was respectively higher than that on day 0, the relative abundance of Enterococcus on day 21 and 42 was respectively lower than that on day 0, this indicated that Bacillus is more resistant to high temperature than Enterococcus and this is similar to the

Summary

Introduction

Feeding animals a non-liquid diet with probiotics can improve their intestinal health [1,2,3,4,5,6] and performance [7,8,9], especially with a desirable fermented liquid diet, because it can offer animals more beneficial bioactive substances including lactic acid [10, 11]. Lactic acid is known to exhibit a strong bactericidal effect towards enterobacteria under low pH conditions [12, 13]. Feeding suckling and early weaned piglets with fermented liquid diet keeps them a high and regular feed and water intake [14,15,16,17] and alleviates the stress associated with dietary change, reduces the number of undesirable enterobacteria [18,19,20,21] and improves the function of intestinal mucosa [22, 23]. Limited information is available about the effect of trace element mixtures on the growth and metabolism of probiotics in the process of liquid diet fermentation

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion