Abstract
Abstract. Roads affect the natural surface and subsurface drainage pattern of a hill or a watershed. Road drainage systems are designed with the objective of reducing the energy generated by the flowing water and the presence of excess water or moisture within the road. A poorly designed drainage may affect to road maintenance causing cut or fill failures, road surface erosion and degrading the engineering properties of the materials with which it was constructed. Surface drainage pattern can be evaluated from Digital Elevation Models typically calculated from point clouds acquired with aerial LiDAR platforms. However, these systems provide low resolution point clouds especially in cases where slopes with steep grades exist. In this work, Mobile LiDAR systems (aerial and terrestrial) are combined for surveying roads and their surroundings in order to provide complete point cloud. As the precision of the point clouds obtained from these mobile systems is influenced by GNSS outages, Gaussian noise with different standard deviation values is introduced in the point cloud in order to determine its influence in the evaluation of water runoff direction. Results depict an increase in the differences of flow direction with the decrease of cell size of the raster dataset and with the increase of Gaussian noise. The last relation fits to a second-order polynomial Differences in flow direction up to 42º are achieved for a cell size of 0.5 m with a standard deviation of 0.15 m.
Highlights
The World Bank (2015) states that road construction includes design, contracting, implementation, supervision, and maintenance
The activities of road maintenance can be divided into three main categories: routine works, periodic works, and special works
As the main aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the precision of point clouds in the estimation of water runoff, point clouds are not submitted to pre-processing operations such as noise removal or filtering
Summary
The World Bank (2015) states that road construction includes design, contracting, implementation, supervision, and maintenance. The activities of road maintenance can be divided into three main categories: routine works, periodic works, and special works. Periodic works include activities undertaken at intervals of several years to preserve the structural integrity of the road such as resealing and overlay works. Special works are the activities for which demand cannot be estimated with in advance, and with reasonable certainty. These activities include emergency works to repair landslides and washouts removal or salting. Too much water flowing in too narrow channels over destabilized soil can produce washouts. Washouts that occur on road surfaces are generally a result of inadequate grading that allows water to channelize rather than staying spread over the whole surface. Roads need to be good quality stable gravel that resists the forces of water and traffic loads
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